Exploring the symptoms of fever in children, possible causes, and the importance of seeking medical advice.

If a child or infant develops a high temperature, it can cause concern. However, it’s essential to understand that a high temperature is the body’s natural response to fighting off infections such as colds and coughs.

Parents and caregivers should always trust their instincts. In some cases, a fever may indicate a more serious condition like sepsis.

If there are any concerns, especially concerning young infants, it is crucial to contact the GP or call NHS 111 without delay.

In addition to a high temperature, other symptoms that may indicate a more serious illness in children include difficulty breathing, persistent vomiting, lethargy, and a rash. If any of these symptoms are present along with a high temperature, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

It is important to monitor a child’s temperature regularly when they are unwell and to provide appropriate fever-reducing medications as recommended by a healthcare provider. Keeping a child well-hydrated and comfortable, and ensuring they get plenty of rest, can also help manage a high temperature.

If a child’s high temperature persists for more than four days, or if they develop new or worsening symptoms, it is important to contact a healthcare provider for further guidance and evaluation.

How to tell if a baby is unwell

Symptoms in infants may include a general unwell appearance, feeling hotter than usual to the touch, and sweating.

Using a digital thermometer in the armpit is the most accurate method to check for fever.

When do they need medical help?

If a baby has a high temperature, a fever lasting more than five days, or displays other signs of illness along with a fever, seeking medical advice from a GP or calling NHS 111 is advised.

In cases where specific symptoms such as a non-fading rash, a stiff neck, or breathing difficulties are present, calling 999 or going to the Emergency department is necessary.

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How to take a baby’s temperature (NHS, 2024a; NICE, 2019)

• Children under five years old should have their temperature taken under the armpit.
• Place the thermometer under the armpit and hold it until the reading is complete.
• The thermometer may beep once the temperature is measured.
• Record the temperature reading and monitor for changes.
• It is important to use a digital thermometer for accuracy in measuring a baby’s temperature.
• Ensure the baby’s arm is close to their body when taking the temperature under the armpit for an accurate reading.

What to do if a baby has a high temperature

Mild fevers can be managed at home by offering regular small drinks, providing nourishing food, and ensuring comfort. Avoid overdressing the child or using cool water to reduce the fever.

For more information on caring for a sick baby at home, refer to our article on dealing with coughs and colds.

Cold and Cough Medication

Cold and cough medications are not recommended for infants and young children as they can have serious side effects. Using a cool mist humidifier or saline nasal drops can help provide relief for congestion and cough.

Natural Remedies

For minor ailments like teething pain or mild colds, natural remedies like chamomile tea, honey, or a warm bath can provide some relief. Always consult with a healthcare professional before trying any natural remedies.

Vaccinations

It is important to follow the recommended vaccination schedule for infants to protect them from serious illnesses. Vaccines are safe and can prevent diseases like measles, mumps, and whooping cough.

Over-the-Counter Medications

It is important to use caution when giving over-the-counter medications to babies and young children. Always follow the recommended dosage for their age and weight, and never give adult medications to children.

Remember, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before giving any medication to your baby to ensure their safety and well-being.

What is a febrile seizure?

Febrile seizures can occur in infants and young children with high fevers and are typically not harmful in the long term.

During a febrile seizure, a child may experience shaking or jerking movements, staring, stiffening, and loss of consciousness. It is important to stay calm and make sure the child is in a safe place to prevent injury. Do not try to hold the child down or stop the movements.

If a febrile seizure lasts longer than five minutes, or if the child has difficulty breathing or turns blue, seek immediate medical attention by calling 911 or going to the nearest Emergency department.

Signs of dehydration in a baby

Fever can lead to dehydration, especially in infants and young children. Watch for signs of dehydration in children.

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If your baby is under three months old and has a high fever, seek immediate help at the nearest hospital emergency department.

Additional Tips:

• Offer your baby frequent breast milk or formula to keep them hydrated.
• Keep track of wet diapers – fewer wet diapers may indicate dehydration.
• Look for signs of fussiness, sunken eyes, dry mouth, or no tears when crying, which can all be signs of dehydration.
• If you suspect your baby is dehydrated, contact your healthcare provider for advice.

Key facts

• Fevers are common in children and are usually caused by viral infections.
• Most fevers in children can be managed at home.
• Urgent medical attention is needed for children under three months old with a fever.

What is a fever?

A fever is classified as a body temperature of 38°C or higher, which is common in young children and tends to be mild.

While fevers can often be treated at home, some cases may require urgent medical attention. It is important to monitor the fever and seek medical advice if necessary. Some common signs of a fever in infants include irritability, decreased appetite, and difficulty sleeping.

If your infant has a fever, make sure to keep them hydrated by offering plenty of fluids and dress them in lightweight clothing. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used to reduce fever, but always consult with a healthcare provider before giving any medication to your child.

What symptoms are related to fever in children?

Signs of a fever in children may include feeling hot, flushed, or shivering, as well as discomfort, sweating, tiredness, or irritability.

Fever can also present other symptoms such as a pale appearance, decreased appetite, or symptoms related to the underlying cause of the fever.

What causes fever in children?

Fevers are the body’s way of combating infections, primarily caused by viruses in children. Infections can also be bacterial in nature.

Some childhood vaccinations may lead to a fever, although less commonly, fever can be linked to other underlying health conditions. Notably, teething does not cause a fever.

How is the cause of fever in children diagnosed?

Discuss your child’s symptoms and the duration of illness with a doctor to determine the cause of the fever.

• Provide information about your child’s overall health
• Report any recent travels with your child
• Share details of potential contact with infected individuals
• Inform about any medications your child is taking
• Verify your child’s vaccination status

Doctors will conduct a thorough examination of your child, including taking their temperature. In some cases, additional tests may be recommended.

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When should I take my child to see a doctor?

If you are concerned, seek immediate medical attention if your child:

• Displays other signs of illness
• Is vomiting and not drinking enough fluids
• Has developed a rash
• Experiences high fever and seizures
• Persists with severe headaches or stomach pain
• Shows sensitivity to light or a bulging fontanelle
• Has had a fever for more than two days or if the condition is worsening
• Has traveled or been in contact with infected individuals

When to seek urgent care

If your child has a weakened immune system and a fever above 38°C, seek immediate medical attention.

If your baby under three months of age has a fever above 38°C, go directly to the nearest hospital.

Call triple zero (000) if:

• Your child appears drowsy
• There are difficulties with breathing
• A stiff neck is observed

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It is important to trust your instincts as a parent or caregiver. If you are ever in doubt about your child’s health, it is always better to be safe than sorry and seek medical advice promptly.

When to seek medical help

If your child has a fever and:

• Is under three months old
• Has a fever over 104°F (40°C)
• Is experiencing febrile seizures
• Shows signs of dehydration
• Has a weakened immune system

It is important to seek medical help immediately. These symptoms may indicate a more serious underlying condition that requires medical attention.

Preventing fever in children

Some measures to prevent fever in children include:

• Encouraging frequent handwashing
• Keeping vaccinations up to date
• Ensuring a healthy diet and regular exercise
• Avoiding exposure to sick individuals
• Practicing good hygiene habits

By following these preventive measures, you can help reduce the risk of your child developing a fever and associated illnesses.

What are the complications of fever in children?

Fever can trigger seizures in young children, known as febrile seizures. While usually harmless, these seizures require attention. Consult a doctor to rule out serious infections.

Can fever be prevented?

Infections are the primary cause of fevers in children.

• Practice good hygiene
• Avoid sharing items with individuals who are unwell
• Ensure that childhood vaccinations are up to date

Resources and Support

The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network offer resources on childhood fever in various languages.

For assistance, contact the healthdirect helpline.

A high temperature in children is common and often resolves without intervention.

Use a thermometer to monitor the presence of fever.

What causes a high temperature?

Fever is a crucial defense mechanism used by the body to combat infections efficiently.

Common causes of fever include viral infections, childhood illnesses, vaccinations, over-bundling, or underlying infections.

When to seek medical help

Phone 999 if your child:

• stiff neck
• rash that doesn’t fade with pressure
• sensitivity to light
• first febrile seizure
• unusually cold extremities
• blue, pale, or blotchy skin
• abnormal cry or behavior
• difficulty waking up
• trouble breathing
• more than 3 months old with high fever

Contact your GP if:

• high fever lasting 5+ days
• persisting vomiting
• loss of appetite or unusual behavior
• fever not relieved by paracetamol
• signs of dehydration

If the GP’s office is closed, contact 111 for assistance. If the child remains alert and playful, serious illness is less likely.

Treating a fever

Ensure that feverish children stay hydrated by offering plenty of water. Babies should stick to breast milk or formula for hydration. Avoid using cool water sponging to reduce fever.

Medicine to reduce fever (antipyretics)

Antipyretics can help lower fever and alleviate pain in children. Only use them when necessary and adhere to the recommended dosage instructions.

More serious illnesses

Fever is a common symptom in children and often resolves spontaneously.

Causes of high temperature

Many childhood illnesses can lead to fever in children.

Use a thermometer to detect the presence of fever.

When to get urgent medical advice

Contact your GP immediately if your child:

• Is under three months old with a temperature of 38 °C (100.4 F) or higher
• Is between three and six months old with a temperature of 39 °C (102.2 F) or higher

Ensure to contact your doctor if your child displays any other symptoms of illness, such as continuous vomiting, refusal to eat, or appearing lethargic or sleepy. If you cannot reach your doctor, contact the out-of-hours service for assistance.
Apart from having a high temperature, if your child seems active and responsive, they are less likely to be seriously ill. Trust your instincts in recognizing signs of serious illness in children.
It’s important to seek advice if your child appears pale or has a bluish skin color, as these could indicate a worsening condition requiring urgent assessment. Additionally, if your child is not behaving as usual or is unresponsive, seek immediate medical help.
If your child is breathing rapidly, consult a doctor, especially if they are younger than six months and breathing more than 50 times per minute, or older than 12 months and breathing more than 40 times per minute. Look out for signs of dehydration and seek advice promptly.
If your child has a fever, offer plenty of cool fluids to keep them hydrated. Dress them in light clothes, adjust the room temperature, and avoid sponging them with cool water to reduce fever. Use children’s paracetamol or ibuprofen as directed to manage fever, but do not give both medications simultaneously.
In some cases, a high temperature in children may be accompanied by more serious symptoms like breathlessness, vomiting, or rash, indicating possible bacterial infections such as meningitis, septicemia, or pneumonia. Remember, serious causes of fever in children are rare.
This information has been sourced and adapted from the NHS website.