Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an itchy rash and flu-like symptoms. It is most common in children but can also affect adults who have not been vaccinated or previously had the illness.

The chickenpox virus can be spread through the air by coughing or sneezing, as well as by touching the fluid from blisters. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, to prevent the spread of the virus.

In most cases, chickenpox resolves on its own within a week or two. However, complications can arise, especially in adults, pregnant women, newborns, and individuals with weakened immune systems. These complications may include bacterial infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, or even death.

If you suspect you or your child has chickenpox, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. In the meantime, try to alleviate symptoms with over-the-counter medications, cool baths, and plenty of rest.

Available vaccines

In the United States, there are two licensed chickenpox vaccines that can be administered along with other vaccines. For more details, consult your healthcare provider.

Varivax ®

• Consists solely of the chickenpox vaccine.
• Approved for individuals aged 12 months and older.
• Given to children for their standard 2 doses at 12–15 months and 4–6 years.

ProQuad ®

• Contains a combination of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines (MMRV).
• Licensed for children aged 12 months–12 years.

Recommendations

Children under 13 years old should have 2 doses, while individuals 13 years and older without immunity should receive 2 doses, with a minimum of 28 days between doses. In cases where only one dose was given, a second dose is necessary, with the option of separate MMR and varicella vaccines.

After exposure to someone with chickenpox

Vaccination after exposure can prevent the disease or reduce its severity, providing immunity for future encounters. Under certain circumstances, a healthcare provider may prescribe medication to alleviate the severity of chickenpox.

Preventing the spread of chickenpox

It is important to practice good hygiene to prevent the spread of chickenpox. This includes washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and staying home when sick.

Symptoms of chickenpox

Common symptoms of chickenpox include a rash, fever, and fatigue. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or your child has chickenpox, especially if you or your child are at high risk for complications.

Why getting vaccinated is important

Although chickenpox can be mild, it poses risks for pregnant women, infants under 12 months, adolescents, adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. While hospitalization and fatalities are rare, they can still occur.

Vaccination offers immunity without the severe complications associated with the disease.

Who should get vaccinated

For those who have not been previously exposed or vaccinated, it is recommended that everyone receives 2 doses of the chickenpox vaccine. Vaccination is especially important for specific groups like healthcare workers, caregivers, and individuals in certain environments.

Who shouldn’t get vaccinated

Some individuals may need to postpone or avoid the chickenpox vaccine due to specific medical conditions. Seek advice from a healthcare provider if this applies to you.

The vaccine is safe and effective

The chickenpox vaccine is safe, effective, and approximately 90% efficient in preventing chickenpox, leading to a significant reduction in cases since its introduction in the United States.

It not only shields against chickenpox but also contributes to community immunity, particularly benefiting those who cannot receive the vaccine.

Varicella (chickenpox) is a common childhood infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. While usually mild in children, it can result in severe illness in adults.

Individuals with compromised immune systems or undergoing immunosuppressive therapies face heightened risks.

What are the symptoms of chickenpox?

Chickenpox typically begins with a fever followed by an itchy rash of red spots that evolve into fluid-filled blisters, ultimately drying up within a few days.

How is it spread?

Highly contagious, chickenpox spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Airborne transmission is also possible, particularly through coughing or sneezing.

Pregnant women require special precautions to prevent transmission to the fetus.

Is there a vaccine against chickenpox?

All healthy children over 12 months are advised to receive the chickenpox vaccine by authoritative medical organizations. Further information can be obtained from the Canadian Paediatric Society.

What is shingles?

Shingles, caused by the same virus that triggers chickenpox, typically manifests in individuals who have previously had chickenpox. It represents a distinct, localized reactivation of the virus.

Shingles pose a risk for transmitting chickenpox to non-immune individuals.

Shingles can cause a painful rash or blisters on the skin, usually on one side of the body. The symptoms can include burning, tingling, numbness, and itching. It is important for individuals who have had chickenpox to be aware of the risks of developing shingles later in life.

Can you catch chickenpox again once you have had it?

In most cases, lifelong immunity is acquired after one episode of chickenpox, although isolated incidents of reinfection have been reported. It is rare to get chickenpox more than once, but it is possible, especially in cases of compromised immune systems or if the initial infection was very mild. It is important to practice good hygiene and follow your doctor’s recommendations to prevent any potential reinfection.

It is important for parents to educate themselves about the symptoms of chickenpox so they can recognize the signs early on. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, and an itchy rash.

Encouraging good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing, can help prevent the spread of chickenpox. Teaching children to avoid scratching the rash can also reduce the risk of infection and scarring.

If a child does contract chickenpox, keeping them home from school or daycare until they are no longer contagious can help prevent the virus from spreading to others.

It is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider to discuss vaccination options and determine the best course of action for protecting children from chickenpox.

In addition to fever control, it is important to keep the affected areas clean and dry to prevent any secondary infections. Calamine lotion or oatmeal baths can help soothe the itching associated with chickenpox. It is also recommended to drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and get plenty of rest to help the body fight off the virus.

Can children with chickenpox go to child care or school?

Sick children should remain at home for proper care. Mild cases may still attend school or childcare facilities. It is advisable to seek medical advice for immunocompromised children.

What if I’m pregnant?

Pregnant women are at a higher risk of severe chickenpox. In certain circumstances, vaccination consideration or medical interventions may be necessary to prevent serious complications.

Early detection and prompt intervention are crucial during pregnancy.

It is important for pregnant women to avoid contact with individuals who have chickenpox and to seek medical advice if they have been exposed. If a pregnant woman develops chickenpox, she should contact her healthcare provider immediately for appropriate management.

For more information

For detailed information on vaccinations in Canada, refer to the book Your Child’s Best Shot: A Parent’s Guide to Vaccination, 2nd edition, published by the CPS in 2002.

Footnotes

This information is not a replacement for medical advice. Individualized treatment recommendations may differ based on specific scenarios.

Feel free to share this information with patients and families without permission. It is also accessible at www.caringforkids.cps.ca.

Internet addresses are accurate at the time of publication.

Articles from Paediatrics & Child Health are provided by Oxford University Press

Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a widespread illness primarily affecting children.

Chickenpox is characterized by a red, itchy rash that usually starts on the face, chest, and back before spreading to the rest of the body.

Most cases of chickenpox are mild and resolve on their own within a week, but in some cases, complications such as pneumonia or encephalitis can occur.

It is important to keep children with chickenpox away from others to prevent the spread of the virus, especially to individuals who are at high risk for complications.

Causes of chickenpox

Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and is easily transmitted from infected individuals.

The majority of cases arise in children under 10 years old, particularly during the winter and spring months.

Symptoms of chickenpox

Chickenpox presents with a red, itchy rash that progresses into fluid-filled blisters before crusting over.

The rash typically emerges behind the ears, on the face, scalp, chest, arms, and legs.

Spots can also develop in other areas like the ears, mouth, hands, feet, and nappy area.

The blistering and crusting process usually lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, with new spots potentially appearing for up to 5 days after the rash initiation.

Before chickenpox spots appear

Prior to the rash, individuals may experience mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, and reduced appetite.

These symptoms are more prevalent in adults than in children.

Contacting your doctor about chickenpox

In children, chickenpox typically resolves without treatment, but adults are at a higher risk of complications.

Contact your GP practice if:

If unusual symptoms develop or there is exposure to chickenpox, seek medical attention promptly.

Contact a healthcare provider if there are any concerns regarding symptoms.

Contact your GP practice if:

If uncertain about chickenpox or concerned, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.

Chickenpox treatment

Although no specific treatment exists for chickenpox, over-the-counter remedies such as calamine lotion can help alleviate symptoms and itching.

In most instances, the blisters will naturally crust over within 1 to 2 weeks, but it is important to keep the affected individual comfortable and well-hydrated during this time.

For severe cases in adults or individuals with weakened immune systems, antiviral medications such as acyclovir may be prescribed by a healthcare provider to help speed up the recovery process and reduce the risk of complications.

Stopping the spread of chickenpox

Children should stay away from school until all blisters have crusted over to prevent spreading the infection.

Likewise, adults should refrain from work until the same criterion is met.

The contagious period of chickenpox typically ceases when all blisters have crusted over, approximately 5 to 6 days post-onset.

Who’s at higher risk from chickenpox?

Individuals at higher risk of complications from chickenpox should seek medical advice promptly.

Contact a healthcare provider if exposed to chickenpox or if symptoms arise, particularly for high-risk groups.

People at higher risk from chickenpox include:

• Infants
• Pregnant women
• Adults
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• People taking immunosuppressive medications

These individuals are more likely to experience severe complications from chickenpox, such as pneumonia or encephalitis. It is important for these high-risk groups to take precautions to prevent exposure to the virus and seek medical attention if necessary.

Chickenpox in pregnancy

Complications from chickenpox during pregnancy can be severe and pose risks to the infant.

If pregnant and exposed to chickenpox, consult a healthcare provider immediately.

Chickenpox and shingles

While chickenpox typically confers immunity after infection, the virus can reactivate later in life as shingles.

Shingles can be transmitted from someone with shingles, but not the other way around.

Is there a vaccine against chickenpox?

The chickenpox vaccine is not part of standard vaccination protocols but may be advised for susceptible individuals.

Even those who receive the vaccine can still develop chickenpox or shingles.

Addressing chickenpox in infants requires knowledge of symptoms, transmission, and care to safeguard the child.

Chicken pox infant: what every parent should know

Chickenpox in infants, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, presents as a rash of red bumps that progress into blisters.

While most babies have maternal antibodies protecting them in their early months, infants under 12 months, especially those with weakened immune systems or premature birth, are at higher risk for complications. Until your child receives the varicella vaccine after 12 months, vigilance over their health is crucial.

Immediate action should be taken if a baby is exposed to the virus to prevent infection.

Ways to prevent the spread of chickenpox in infants:

• Avoid contact with infected individuals
• Maintain good hygiene practices
• Isolate infected family members
• Limit social gatherings

In infants, initial signs of chicken pox may present as fever, fussiness, and feeding difficulties. The rash usually starts as red spots that quickly transform into fluid-filled blisters. Itching is a common problem that requires proper care and hydration for the baby.
To diagnose chicken pox in infants, healthcare providers typically perform a visual examination. Testing may be needed for infants under 3 months old or those with weakened immune systems. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like fever and itching, along with maintaining proper hydration and comfort for the baby.
Most cases of chicken pox in infants resolve without complications; however, severe issues like pneumonia or dehydration may arise, especially in babies under 3 months old. If concerning symptoms are noticed, seeking medical help promptly is crucial.
Prevention is vital, relying on maternal antibodies, breastfeeding, and herd immunity. Household cleanliness and community protection also play key roles in safeguarding infants from chicken pox until they are old enough to receive the vaccine.
Exposure to chicken pox during pregnancy can pose risks for both the mother and the unborn child. Immediate medical attention is necessary in such situations to minimize potential complications.
Creating a soothing environment during the chicken pox phase involves maintaining consistency, providing soothing treatments, and ensuring good hygiene practices. Keeping the atmosphere calm and limiting exposure to visitors can aid in the recovery process.
Most cases of chicken pox in infants usually last 10 to 12 days. Once all blisters have crusted and fallen off, the risk of contagion decreases, and normal activities can resume. To promote healing, it is important to avoid picking scabs, use soothing baths with moisturizing soap, and handle the baby gently.
The majority of infants recover without lasting marks, as long as they refrain from scratching. Even after symptoms have disappeared, it is important to monitor for any new spots or returning fever and consult a pediatrician if anything seems unusual.
Dispelling myths and prioritizing evidence-based care is crucial for the health of your family.
Specific warning signs that require immediate action for any chicken pox infant include high fever, respiratory symptoms, feeding difficulties, lethargy, infected looking blisters, signs of dehydration, and neurological changes. Seeking assistance from a pediatrician promptly can greatly impact the outcome for the child.
The term “chicken pox infant” refers to a viral infection that can affect even very young babies, particularly those who have not been vaccinated. Early recognition and support are crucial for these infants, who face a higher risk of complications compared to older children. Providing safe fever reducers, hydration, soothing baths, gentle hygiene, and isolation until the blisters crust over can help manage the illness.
Regular handwashing, cleaning, and minimizing exposure are essential for protecting the entire family. Any complications should be addressed with immediate medical attention, and parents should trust their instincts if their child’s condition worsens. Family protection, maternal immunity, and vaccinations for close contacts can create a defense ring around infants.
Breast milk naturally contains antibodies that target the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chicken pox. While not providing full immunity, breastfeeding can help reduce the severity of symptoms in chicken pox infants. Supporting breastfeeding during and after exposure to the virus is a gentle strategy.
Initial signs of chicken pox in infants may include small red spots that develop into clear blisters and crust over. These symptoms may be accompanied by fever, fussiness, and feeding challenges. Some blisters may also appear in the mouth or diaper area, adding to the discomfort during routine care.
There is no need for immediate alarm, as chicken pox in infants has a prolonged incubation period. Most infants may not show symptoms initially, so it’s important to stay observant for fever, new spots, or any unusual behavior. Parents of babies with existing health concerns should contact their pediatrician promptly for personalized advice.
For more information, our diverse medical team of specialists is available to provide accurate and tailored content to help parents navigate the challenges of caregiving.